Cannot Open SharePoint 2013 On-Prem Files with Office 2016?

Some users might experience problems opening or editing files from SharePoint 2013 on-prem from outside the domain/network when using Office 2016. Specifically, the user might have receive messages stating that the file is corrupt even though other users can open and edit the file. Users external to the SharePoint domain or network would generally be the reporters of this problem, but it could also affect an users internal to the domain/network in certain scenarios (e.g. GPO doesn’t properly set their Office settings).